eLog/src/lager_format.erl

%%
%% %CopyrightBegin%
%% 
%% Copyright Ericsson AB 1996-2011-2012. All Rights Reserved.
%% 
%% The contents of this file are subject to the Erlang Public License,
%% Version 1.1, (the "License"); you may not use this file except in
%% compliance with the License. You should have received a copy of the
%% Erlang Public License along with this software. If not, it can be
%% retrieved online at http://www.erlang.org/.
%% 
%% Software distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS"
%% basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. See
%% the License for the specific language governing rights and limitations
%% under the License.
%% 
%% %CopyrightEnd%
%%
-module(lager_format).

%% fork of io_lib_format that uses trunc_io to protect against large terms

-export([format/3, format/4]).

-record(options, {
        chomp = false :: boolean()
    }).

format(FmtStr, Args, MaxLen) ->
    format(FmtStr, Args, MaxLen, []).

format([], [], _, _) ->
    "";
format(FmtStr, Args, MaxLen, Opts) when is_atom(FmtStr) ->
    format(atom_to_list(FmtStr), Args, MaxLen, Opts);
format(FmtStr, Args, MaxLen, Opts) when is_binary(FmtStr) ->
    format(binary_to_list(FmtStr), Args, MaxLen, Opts);
format(FmtStr, Args, MaxLen, Opts) when is_list(FmtStr) ->
    case io_lib:deep_char_list(FmtStr) of
        true ->
            Options = make_options(Opts, #options{}),
            Cs = collect(FmtStr, Args),
            {Cs2, MaxLen2} = build(Cs, [], MaxLen, Options),
            %% count how many terms remain
            {Count, StrLen} = lists:foldl(
                fun({_C, _As, _F, _Adj, _P, _Pad, _Enc}, {Terms, Chars}) ->
                        {Terms + 1, Chars};
                    (_, {Terms, Chars}) ->
                        {Terms, Chars + 1}
                end, {0, 0}, Cs2),
            build2(Cs2, Count, MaxLen2 - StrLen);
        false ->
            erlang:error(badarg)
    end;
format(_FmtStr, _Args, _MaxLen, _Opts) ->
    erlang:error(badarg).

collect([$~|Fmt0], Args0) ->
    {C,Fmt1,Args1} = collect_cseq(Fmt0, Args0),
    [C|collect(Fmt1, Args1)];
collect([C|Fmt], Args) ->
    [C|collect(Fmt, Args)];
collect([], []) -> [].

collect_cseq(Fmt0, Args0) ->
    {F,Ad,Fmt1,Args1} = field_width(Fmt0, Args0),
    {P,Fmt2,Args2} = precision(Fmt1, Args1),
    {Pad,Fmt3,Args3} = pad_char(Fmt2, Args2),
    {Encoding,Fmt4,Args4} = encoding(Fmt3, Args3),
    {C,As,Fmt5,Args5} = collect_cc(Fmt4, Args4),
    {{C,As,F,Ad,P,Pad,Encoding},Fmt5,Args5}.

encoding([$t|Fmt],Args) ->
    {unicode,Fmt,Args};
encoding(Fmt,Args) ->
    {latin1,Fmt,Args}.

field_width([$-|Fmt0], Args0) ->
    {F,Fmt,Args} = field_value(Fmt0, Args0),
    field_width(-F, Fmt, Args);
field_width(Fmt0, Args0) ->
    {F,Fmt,Args} = field_value(Fmt0, Args0),
    field_width(F, Fmt, Args).

field_width(F, Fmt, Args) when F < 0 ->
    {-F,left,Fmt,Args};
field_width(F, Fmt, Args) when F >= 0 ->
    {F,right,Fmt,Args}.

precision([$.|Fmt], Args) ->
    field_value(Fmt, Args);
precision(Fmt, Args) ->
    {none,Fmt,Args}.

field_value([$*|Fmt], [A|Args]) when is_integer(A) ->
    {A,Fmt,Args};
field_value([C|Fmt], Args) when is_integer(C), C >= $0, C =< $9 ->
    field_value([C|Fmt], Args, 0);
field_value(Fmt, Args) ->
    {none,Fmt,Args}.

field_value([C|Fmt], Args, F) when is_integer(C), C >= $0, C =< $9 ->
    field_value(Fmt, Args, 10*F + (C - $0));
field_value(Fmt, Args, F) -> %Default case
    {F,Fmt,Args}.

pad_char([$.,$*|Fmt], [Pad|Args]) -> {Pad,Fmt,Args};
pad_char([$.,Pad|Fmt], Args) -> {Pad,Fmt,Args};
pad_char(Fmt, Args) -> {$\s,Fmt,Args}.

%% collect_cc([FormatChar], [Argument]) ->
%%         {Control,[ControlArg],[FormatChar],[Arg]}.
%%  Here we collect the argments for each control character.
%%  Be explicit to cause failure early.

collect_cc([$w|Fmt], [A|Args]) -> {$w,[A],Fmt,Args};
collect_cc([$p|Fmt], [A|Args]) -> {$p,[A],Fmt,Args};
collect_cc([$W|Fmt], [A,Depth|Args]) -> {$W,[A,Depth],Fmt,Args};
collect_cc([$P|Fmt], [A,Depth|Args]) -> {$P,[A,Depth],Fmt,Args};
collect_cc([$s|Fmt], [A|Args]) -> {$s,[A],Fmt,Args};
collect_cc([$e|Fmt], [A|Args]) -> {$e,[A],Fmt,Args};
collect_cc([$f|Fmt], [A|Args]) -> {$f,[A],Fmt,Args};
collect_cc([$g|Fmt], [A|Args]) -> {$g,[A],Fmt,Args};
collect_cc([$b|Fmt], [A|Args]) -> {$b,[A],Fmt,Args};
collect_cc([$B|Fmt], [A|Args]) -> {$B,[A],Fmt,Args};
collect_cc([$x|Fmt], [A,Prefix|Args]) -> {$x,[A,Prefix],Fmt,Args};
collect_cc([$X|Fmt], [A,Prefix|Args]) -> {$X,[A,Prefix],Fmt,Args};
collect_cc([$+|Fmt], [A|Args]) -> {$+,[A],Fmt,Args};
collect_cc([$#|Fmt], [A|Args]) -> {$#,[A],Fmt,Args};
collect_cc([$c|Fmt], [A|Args]) -> {$c,[A],Fmt,Args};
collect_cc([$~|Fmt], Args) when is_list(Args) -> {$~,[],Fmt,Args};
collect_cc([$n|Fmt], Args) when is_list(Args) -> {$n,[],Fmt,Args};
collect_cc([$i|Fmt], [A|Args]) -> {$i,[A],Fmt,Args}.


%% build([Control], Pc, Indentation) -> [Char].
%%  Interpret the control structures. Count the number of print
%%  remaining and only calculate indentation when necessary. Must also
%%  be smart when calculating indentation for characters in format.

build([{$n, _, _, _, _, _, _}], Acc, MaxLen, #options{chomp=true}) ->
    %% trailing ~n, ignore
    {lists:reverse(Acc), MaxLen};
build([{C,As,F,Ad,P,Pad,Enc}|Cs], Acc, MaxLen, O) ->
    {S, MaxLen2} = control(C, As, F, Ad, P, Pad, Enc, MaxLen),
    build(Cs, [S|Acc], MaxLen2, O);
build([$\n], Acc, MaxLen, #options{chomp=true}) ->
    %% trailing \n, ignore
    {lists:reverse(Acc), MaxLen};
build([$\n|Cs], Acc, MaxLen, O) ->
    build(Cs, [$\n|Acc], MaxLen - 1, O);
build([$\t|Cs], Acc, MaxLen, O) ->
    build(Cs, [$\t|Acc], MaxLen - 1, O);
build([C|Cs], Acc, MaxLen, O) ->
    build(Cs, [C|Acc], MaxLen - 1, O);
build([], Acc, MaxLen, _O) ->
    {lists:reverse(Acc), MaxLen}.

build2([{C,As,F,Ad,P,Pad,Enc}|Cs], Count, MaxLen) ->
    {S, Len} = control2(C, As, F, Ad, P, Pad, Enc, MaxLen div Count),
    [S|build2(Cs, Count - 1, MaxLen - Len)];
build2([C|Cs], Count, MaxLen) ->
    [C|build2(Cs, Count, MaxLen)];
build2([], _, _) -> [].

%% control(FormatChar, [Argument], FieldWidth, Adjust, Precision, PadChar,
%%         Indentation) -> [Char]
%%  This is the main dispatch function for the various formatting commands.
%%  Field widths and precisions have already been calculated.

control($e, [A], F, Adj, P, Pad, _Enc, L) when is_float(A) ->
    Res = fwrite_e(A, F, Adj, P, Pad),
    {Res, L - lists:flatlength(Res)};
control($f, [A], F, Adj, P, Pad, _Enc, L) when is_float(A) ->
    Res = fwrite_f(A, F, Adj, P, Pad),
    {Res, L - lists:flatlength(Res)};
control($g, [A], F, Adj, P, Pad, _Enc, L) when is_float(A) ->
    Res = fwrite_g(A, F, Adj, P, Pad),
    {Res, L - lists:flatlength(Res)};
control($b, [A], F, Adj, P, Pad, _Enc, L) when is_integer(A) ->
    Res = unprefixed_integer(A, F, Adj, base(P), Pad, true),
    {Res, L - lists:flatlength(Res)};
control($B, [A], F, Adj, P, Pad, _Enc, L) when is_integer(A) ->
    Res = unprefixed_integer(A, F, Adj, base(P), Pad, false),
    {Res, L - lists:flatlength(Res)};
control($x, [A,Prefix], F, Adj, P, Pad, _Enc, L) when is_integer(A), 
                                                 is_atom(Prefix) ->
    Res = prefixed_integer(A, F, Adj, base(P), Pad, atom_to_list(Prefix), true),
    {Res, L - lists:flatlength(Res)};
control($x, [A,Prefix], F, Adj, P, Pad, _Enc, L) when is_integer(A) ->
    true = io_lib:deep_char_list(Prefix), %Check if Prefix a character list
    Res = prefixed_integer(A, F, Adj, base(P), Pad, Prefix, true),
    {Res, L - lists:flatlength(Res)};
control($X, [A,Prefix], F, Adj, P, Pad, _Enc, L) when is_integer(A), 
                                                 is_atom(Prefix) ->
    Res = prefixed_integer(A, F, Adj, base(P), Pad, atom_to_list(Prefix), false),
    {Res, L - lists:flatlength(Res)};
control($X, [A,Prefix], F, Adj, P, Pad, _Enc, L) when is_integer(A) ->
    true = io_lib:deep_char_list(Prefix), %Check if Prefix a character list
    Res = prefixed_integer(A, F, Adj, base(P), Pad, Prefix, false),
    {Res, L - lists:flatlength(Res)};
control($+, [A], F, Adj, P, Pad, _Enc, L) when is_integer(A) ->
    Base = base(P),
    Prefix = [integer_to_list(Base), $#],
    Res = prefixed_integer(A, F, Adj, Base, Pad, Prefix, true),
    {Res, L - lists:flatlength(Res)};
control($#, [A], F, Adj, P, Pad, _Enc, L) when is_integer(A) ->
    Base = base(P),
    Prefix = [integer_to_list(Base), $#],
    Res = prefixed_integer(A, F, Adj, Base, Pad, Prefix, false),
    {Res, L - lists:flatlength(Res)};
control($c, [A], F, Adj, P, Pad, unicode, L) when is_integer(A) ->
    Res = char(A, F, Adj, P, Pad),
    {Res, L - lists:flatlength(Res)};
control($c, [A], F, Adj, P, Pad, _Enc, L) when is_integer(A) ->
    Res = char(A band 255, F, Adj, P, Pad),
    {Res, L - lists:flatlength(Res)};
control($~, [], F, Adj, P, Pad, _Enc, L) ->
    Res = char($~, F, Adj, P, Pad),
    {Res, L - lists:flatlength(Res)};
control($n, [], F, Adj, P, Pad, _Enc, L) ->
    Res = newline(F, Adj, P, Pad),
    {Res, L - lists:flatlength(Res)};
control($i, [_A], _F, _Adj, _P, _Pad, _Enc, L) ->
    {[], L};
control($s, [A], F, Adj, P, Pad, _Enc, L) when is_atom(A) ->
    Res = string(atom_to_list(A), F, Adj, P, Pad),
    {Res, L - lists:flatlength(Res)};
control(C, A, F, Adj, P, Pad, Enc, L) ->
    %% save this for later - these are all the 'large' terms
    {{C, A, F, Adj, P, Pad, Enc}, L}.

control2($w, [A], F, Adj, P, Pad, _Enc, L) ->
    Term = lager_trunc_io:fprint(A, L, [{lists_as_strings, false}]),
    Res = term(Term, F, Adj, P, Pad),
    {Res, lists:flatlength(Res)};
control2($p, [A], _F, _Adj, _P, _Pad, _Enc, L) ->
    Term = lager_trunc_io:fprint(A, L, [{lists_as_strings, true}]),
    {Term, lists:flatlength(Term)};
control2($W, [A,Depth], F, Adj, P, Pad, _Enc, L) when is_integer(Depth) ->
    Term = lager_trunc_io:fprint(A, L, [{depth, Depth}, {lists_as_strings, false}]),
    Res = term(Term, F, Adj, P, Pad),
    {Res, lists:flatlength(Res)};
control2($P, [A,Depth], _F, _Adj, _P, _Pad, _Enc, L) when is_integer(Depth) ->
    Term = lager_trunc_io:fprint(A, L, [{depth, Depth}, {lists_as_strings, true}]),
    {Term, lists:flatlength(Term)};
control2($s, [L0], F, Adj, P, Pad, latin1, L) ->
    List = lager_trunc_io:fprint(iolist_to_chars(L0), L, [{force_strings, true}]),
    Res = string(List, F, Adj, P, Pad),
    {Res, lists:flatlength(Res)};
control2($s, [L0], F, Adj, P, Pad, unicode, L) ->
    List = lager_trunc_io:fprint(cdata_to_chars(L0), L, [{force_strings, true}]),
    Res = uniconv(string(List, F, Adj, P, Pad)),
    {Res, lists:flatlength(Res)}.

iolist_to_chars([C|Cs]) when is_integer(C), C >= $\000, C =< $\377 ->
    [C | iolist_to_chars(Cs)];
iolist_to_chars([I|Cs]) ->
    [iolist_to_chars(I) | iolist_to_chars(Cs)];
iolist_to_chars([]) ->
    [];
iolist_to_chars(B) when is_binary(B) ->
    binary_to_list(B).

cdata_to_chars([C|Cs]) when is_integer(C), C >= $\000 ->
    [C | cdata_to_chars(Cs)];
cdata_to_chars([I|Cs]) ->
    [cdata_to_chars(I) | cdata_to_chars(Cs)];
cdata_to_chars([]) ->
    [];
cdata_to_chars(B) when is_binary(B) ->
    case catch unicode:characters_to_list(B) of
        L when is_list(L) -> L;
        _ -> binary_to_list(B)
    end.

make_options([], Options) ->
    Options;
make_options([{chomp, Bool}|T], Options) when is_boolean(Bool) ->
    make_options(T, Options#options{chomp=Bool}).

-ifdef(UNICODE_AS_BINARIES).
uniconv(C) ->
    unicode:characters_to_binary(C,unicode).
-else.
uniconv(C) ->
    C.
-endif.
%% Default integer base
base(none) ->
    10;
base(B) when is_integer(B) ->
    B.

%% term(TermList, Field, Adjust, Precision, PadChar)
%%  Output the characters in a term.
%%  Adjust the characters within the field if length less than Max padding
%%  with PadChar.

term(T, none, _Adj, none, _Pad) -> T;
term(T, none, Adj, P, Pad) -> term(T, P, Adj, P, Pad);
term(T, F, Adj, P0, Pad) ->
    L = lists:flatlength(T),
    P = case P0 of none -> erlang:min(L, F); _ -> P0 end,
    if
        L > P ->
            adjust(chars($*, P), chars(Pad, F-P), Adj);
        F >= P ->
            adjust(T, chars(Pad, F-L), Adj)
    end.

%% fwrite_e(Float, Field, Adjust, Precision, PadChar)

fwrite_e(Fl, none, Adj, none, Pad) -> %Default values
    fwrite_e(Fl, none, Adj, 6, Pad);
fwrite_e(Fl, none, _Adj, P, _Pad) when P >= 2 ->
    float_e(Fl, float_data(Fl), P);
fwrite_e(Fl, F, Adj, none, Pad) ->
    fwrite_e(Fl, F, Adj, 6, Pad);
fwrite_e(Fl, F, Adj, P, Pad) when P >= 2 ->
    term(float_e(Fl, float_data(Fl), P), F, Adj, F, Pad).

float_e(Fl, Fd, P) when Fl < 0.0 -> %Negative numbers
    [$-|float_e(-Fl, Fd, P)];
float_e(_Fl, {Ds,E}, P) ->
    case float_man(Ds, 1, P-1) of
        {[$0|Fs],true} -> [[$1|Fs]|float_exp(E)];
        {Fs,false} -> [Fs|float_exp(E-1)]
    end.

%% float_man([Digit], Icount, Dcount) -> {[Chars],CarryFlag}.
%%  Generate the characters in the mantissa from the digits with Icount
%%  characters before the '.' and Dcount decimals. Handle carry and let
%%  caller decide what to do at top.

float_man(Ds, 0, Dc) ->
    {Cs,C} = float_man(Ds, Dc),
    {[$.|Cs],C};
float_man([D|Ds], I, Dc) ->
    case float_man(Ds, I-1, Dc) of
        {Cs,true} when D =:= $9 -> {[$0|Cs],true};
        {Cs,true} -> {[D+1|Cs],false};
        {Cs,false} -> {[D|Cs],false}
    end;
float_man([], I, Dc) -> %Pad with 0's
    {string:chars($0, I, [$.|string:chars($0, Dc)]),false}.

float_man([D|_], 0) when D >= $5 -> {[],true};
float_man([_|_], 0) -> {[],false};
float_man([D|Ds], Dc) ->
    case float_man(Ds, Dc-1) of
        {Cs,true} when D =:= $9 -> {[$0|Cs],true};
        {Cs,true} -> {[D+1|Cs],false}; 
        {Cs,false} -> {[D|Cs],false}
    end;
float_man([], Dc) -> {string:chars($0, Dc),false}. %Pad with 0's

%% float_exp(Exponent) -> [Char].
%%  Generate the exponent of a floating point number. Always include sign.

float_exp(E) when E >= 0 ->
    [$e,$+|integer_to_list(E)];
float_exp(E) ->
    [$e|integer_to_list(E)].

%% fwrite_f(FloatData, Field, Adjust, Precision, PadChar)

fwrite_f(Fl, none, Adj, none, Pad) -> %Default values
    fwrite_f(Fl, none, Adj, 6, Pad);
fwrite_f(Fl, none, _Adj, P, _Pad) when P >= 1 ->
    float_f(Fl, float_data(Fl), P);
fwrite_f(Fl, F, Adj, none, Pad) ->
    fwrite_f(Fl, F, Adj, 6, Pad);
fwrite_f(Fl, F, Adj, P, Pad) when P >= 1 ->
    term(float_f(Fl, float_data(Fl), P), F, Adj, F, Pad).

float_f(Fl, Fd, P) when Fl < 0.0 ->
    [$-|float_f(-Fl, Fd, P)];
float_f(Fl, {Ds,E}, P) when E =< 0 ->
    float_f(Fl, {string:chars($0, -E+1, Ds),1}, P); %Prepend enough 0's 
float_f(_Fl, {Ds,E}, P) ->
    case float_man(Ds, E, P) of
        {Fs,true} -> "1" ++ Fs; %Handle carry
        {Fs,false} -> Fs
    end.

%% float_data([FloatChar]) -> {[Digit],Exponent}

float_data(Fl) ->
    float_data(float_to_list(Fl), []).

float_data([$e|E], Ds) ->
    {lists:reverse(Ds),list_to_integer(E)+1};
float_data([D|Cs], Ds) when D >= $0, D =< $9 ->
    float_data(Cs, [D|Ds]);
float_data([_|Cs], Ds) ->
    float_data(Cs, Ds).

%% fwrite_g(Float, Field, Adjust, Precision, PadChar)
%%  Use the f form if Float is >= 0.1 and < 1.0e4, 
%%  and the prints correctly in the f form, else the e form.
%%  Precision always means the # of significant digits.

fwrite_g(Fl, F, Adj, none, Pad) ->
    fwrite_g(Fl, F, Adj, 6, Pad);
fwrite_g(Fl, F, Adj, P, Pad) when P >= 1 ->
    A = abs(Fl),
    E = if A < 1.0e-1 -> -2;
        A < 1.0e0  -> -1;
        A < 1.0e1  -> 0;
        A < 1.0e2  -> 1;
        A < 1.0e3  -> 2;
        A < 1.0e4  -> 3;
        true       -> fwrite_f
    end,
    if  P =< 1, E =:= -1;
    P-1 > E, E >= -1 ->
        fwrite_f(Fl, F, Adj, P-1-E, Pad);
    P =< 1 ->
        fwrite_e(Fl, F, Adj, 2, Pad);
    true ->
        fwrite_e(Fl, F, Adj, P, Pad)
    end.


%% string(String, Field, Adjust, Precision, PadChar)

string(S, none, _Adj, none, _Pad) -> S;
string(S, F, Adj, none, Pad) ->
    string_field(S, F, Adj, lists:flatlength(S), Pad);
string(S, none, _Adj, P, Pad) ->
    string_field(S, P, left, lists:flatlength(S), Pad);
string(S, F, Adj, P, Pad) when F >= P ->
    N = lists:flatlength(S),
    if F > P ->
            if N > P ->
                    adjust(flat_trunc(S, P), chars(Pad, F-P), Adj);
                N < P ->
                    adjust([S|chars(Pad, P-N)], chars(Pad, F-P), Adj);
                true -> % N == P
                    adjust(S, chars(Pad, F-P), Adj)
            end;
       true -> % F == P
        string_field(S, F, Adj, N, Pad)
    end.

string_field(S, F, _Adj, N, _Pad) when N > F ->
    flat_trunc(S, F);
string_field(S, F, Adj, N, Pad) when N < F ->
    adjust(S, chars(Pad, F-N), Adj);
string_field(S, _, _, _, _) -> % N == F
    S.

%% unprefixed_integer(Int, Field, Adjust, Base, PadChar, Lowercase)
%% -> [Char].

unprefixed_integer(Int, F, Adj, Base, Pad, Lowercase)
  when Base >= 2, Base =< 1+$Z-$A+10 ->
    if Int < 0 ->
            S = cond_lowercase(erlang:integer_to_list(-Int, Base), Lowercase),
            term([$-|S], F, Adj, none, Pad);
       true ->
        S = cond_lowercase(erlang:integer_to_list(Int, Base), Lowercase),
        term(S, F, Adj, none, Pad)
    end.

%% prefixed_integer(Int, Field, Adjust, Base, PadChar, Prefix, Lowercase)
%% -> [Char].

prefixed_integer(Int, F, Adj, Base, Pad, Prefix, Lowercase)
  when Base >= 2, Base =< 1+$Z-$A+10 ->
    if Int < 0 ->
            S = cond_lowercase(erlang:integer_to_list(-Int, Base), Lowercase),
            term([$-,Prefix|S], F, Adj, none, Pad);
       true ->
        S = cond_lowercase(erlang:integer_to_list(Int, Base), Lowercase),
        term([Prefix|S], F, Adj, none, Pad)
    end.

%% char(Char, Field, Adjust, Precision, PadChar) -> [Char].

char(C, none, _Adj, none, _Pad) -> [C];
char(C, F, _Adj, none, _Pad) -> chars(C, F);
char(C, none, _Adj, P, _Pad) -> chars(C, P);
char(C, F, Adj, P, Pad) when F >= P ->
    adjust(chars(C, P), chars(Pad, F - P), Adj).

%% newline(Field, Adjust, Precision, PadChar) -> [Char].

newline(none, _Adj, _P, _Pad) -> "\n";
newline(F, right, _P, _Pad) -> chars($\n, F).

%%
%% Utilities
%%

adjust(Data, [], _) -> Data;
adjust(Data, Pad, left) -> [Data|Pad];
adjust(Data, Pad, right) -> [Pad|Data].

%% Flatten and truncate a deep list to at most N elements.
flat_trunc(List, N) when is_integer(N), N >= 0 ->
    flat_trunc(List, N, []).

flat_trunc(L, 0, R) when is_list(L) ->
    lists:reverse(R);
flat_trunc([H|T], N, R) ->
    flat_trunc(T, N-1, [H|R]);
flat_trunc([], _, R) ->
    lists:reverse(R).

%% A deep version of string:chars/2,3

chars(_C, 0) ->
    [];
chars(C, 1) ->
    [C];
chars(C, 2) ->
    [C,C];
chars(C, 3) ->
    [C,C,C];
chars(C, N) when is_integer(N), (N band 1) =:= 0 ->
    S = chars(C, N bsr 1),
    [S|S];
chars(C, N) when is_integer(N) ->
    S = chars(C, N bsr 1),
    [C,S|S].

%chars(C, N, Tail) ->
%    [chars(C, N)|Tail].

%% Lowercase conversion

cond_lowercase(String, true) ->
    lowercase(String);
cond_lowercase(String,false) ->
    String.

lowercase([H|T]) when is_integer(H), H >= $A, H =< $Z ->
    [(H-$A+$a)|lowercase(T)];
lowercase([H|T]) ->
    [H|lowercase(T)];
lowercase([]) ->
    [].