Allow specifying the outdir in bare compiler

force use of tls1.2 for http fetching to work on OTP-23-rc1

re-enable use of rebar_packages_cdn in rebar_pkg_resource

Currently, we just write to ebin/ in the current working directory; this
implies that the source _should_ always be in the same subpath as the
ebin/ directory.

In the cases of utils like Mix, which store downloaded dependencies in
deps/ and artifacts in _build/, this may force more rebuild or less
caching that would be ideal.

This PR adds --outdir / -o as options to the bare compiler, which lets
the user specify another path, with a default kept to $CWD.

Source file encoding specifier support for template

This reverts commit 025a96b143.

only write lock file if locks have changed

rebar_git_resource: allow non-single-digit git versions

rebar_dir: return _checkouts path in a canonical form

This enables relative paths for checkouts_dir configuration variable.

It is quite normal to have git 2.17.1 on MacOS X.

Bump cth_readable (1.4.8) to fix assertion macros

Fix bootstrap crashes when compilers get modified

When recompiling rebar3 itself, the path swaps and cleaning removes the
modules loaded from _build/bootstrap, but the VM still manages to
discover those in _build/prod from previous builds of the escript when
building the new escript, which causes weird failures when compilers get
modified between releases.

The fix is to just clear _build/prod as part of the init of the
bootstrap script, the same way we already clear _build/bootstrap.

Eliminate lock file warnings when upgrading from 1.1.0 locks

The code was written at the time only one lockfile version was being
explicitly tagged (1.1.0), and all the other older ones were untagged.
In introducing the 1.2.0 format for external hashes, the current version
check still took place, but no provisions were made to explicitly check
between older or newer versions. As such, rebar3 would warn (prompting
people to upgrade) every time a lockfile on the 1.1.0 version (which is
likely over 99% of those in the wild as of today) would be encountered,
we'd prompt people to upgrade.

This patch introduces a constant for the list of supported tagged
versions for config/lock files, which allows to drop warnings when
rebar3 can transparently upgrade the lock file for the user.

It pre-supposes a potential "unsupported lock file" error could be added
in the future if a config format is not newer but in fact explicitly
deprecated. This isn't implemented but the current logic works towards
making that support possible.

Update hex core to v0.6.8

- Vendor in hex_core at v0.6.8
 - Rename checksum to inner_checksum and deprecate in favor of new outer_checksum key/val
 - Change warn_vsn_once/0 to warn_vsn_once/1 so we can give a proper error message and
   take appropriate action.
 - Update rebar.lock to 1.2.0 format with continued support third-party
   that still may make use of inner checksum via continued persistence of
   inner checksums.
 - Changed app info tuple (package representation) to support inner and
   outer hashes for backwards compat support (see above)

Split up the compiler DAG

Add vendor_hex_core.sh

We're planning to move the vendor.sh script from hex_core to hex,
but if you'd prefer it stays there it's not a problem. Thought by
moving it here I think it's a bit easier to use anyway.

This is another tricky commit towards replacing the current module
analysis with EPP. The compiler DAG is now being shared across multiple
applications being compiled, rather than a per-application basis, which
promises to allow better ordering, parallelism, and more thorough
invalidation of runtime dependencies when they are modified.

This however required changes:
- The compiler DAG is no longer private to `rebar_compiler`, and has
  been extracted to the `rebar_compiler_dag` module
- The compiler DAG is now started by the `rebar_prv_compile` module,
  which oversees the calls to `rebar_compiler` for each OTP application
- The compiler DAG has been refactored to use a "dirty flag" to know if
  it was modified, rather than just tracking modifications in a
  functional manner, since the scope change (going multi-app) makes it
  impossible to cleanly use the functional approach without much larger
  changes
- The DAG used to be cached within each OTP application. This is no
  longer possible since it is shared. Instead the DAG is stored in the
  state's deps_dir, which allows to cleanly split caches between regular
  apps for the user's project and plugins
- The DAG supported a "label" mode that was used to store distinct DAGs
  for extra_src_dir runs and regular modules; this label is now used
  (and extended to `rebar_prv_compile` internals) to distinguish between
  "compile runs", such as "project_apps", or just "apps" (deps). The
  label is optional (i.e. not used by plugins which have no such need)
- The extra_src_dirs for each app is now compiled using the main app's
  DAG, but the run takes place later in the compilation process. This
  may need changing to detect and prevent dependencies from src_dirs
  into extra_src_dirs, but this should not technically be a problem for
  runtime anyway.
- Reworked the support for extra_src_dirs that are at the root of an
  umbrella project (and therefore do not belong to any single app) to
  use the new structure, also as part of the project_apps DAG.

All tests keep passing, and this puts us in a better place to use EPP
with cross-app support in the near-future.

Revert "Introduce rebar_uri to avoid deprecation warnings on OTP 23 [master]"

Introduce rebar_uri to avoid deprecation warnings on OTP 23 [master]

(cherry picked from commit 08eb611a3d)

(cherry picked from commit fa577bc46e)

(cherry picked from commit 1c9e91b80a)

Attempts to bridge http_uri (deprecated in OTP 23)
and uri_string (available as of OTP 21+).

(cherry picked from commit 7057cbe281)

Proper Unicode handling in port process output

Update compiler hooks order and internal compiler phases

The problem is that the shell util handlers receive a byte stream, which
we handle as a list coming from a port. However the byte stream is utf-8
encoded in most systems, which breaks encoding expectations (binaries
only) for Erlang.

This patch turns the list of characters to a binary for all shell calls,
before re-encoding it properly as unicode lists to keep the format compatible.

Fixes #2205

get a sorted list of modules for coverage output (screen and HTML)

Run dialyzer for extra_src_dirs

This is a new way to orient the code and would allow better
parallelization or multi-app scan phases

This allows breaking apart the pre-hooks from the rest of the
compilation steps, as a preliminary step towards being able to do some
analysis on all project apps at once before actually compiling them.

remove warning when booting applications in the shell

This warning is emitted every single time one starts a shell with applications
configured for automatic startup (e.g. `{shell, [{apps, [cowboy]}]}`).

Infortunately it does not make any sense: people who use this feature need it
to interact with their application or library during development, and are
therefore subjected to the warning every single time they start the shell even
though this is the right way to use it.

While the shell is not to be used to run applications in productions, those
who do it won't be stopped by a warning.

Ultimately, the warning annoys people who use the feature as intended, and do
nothing to stop people who abuse it. Thus I believe it should be removed.

See https://github.com/erlang/rebar3/issues/2206.

close #2206

Allow passing arguments in r3:do and r3:async_do

async_do with arguments is useful for debugging a particular suite/test
with r3:break()

Example session:
Add r3:break() in recompile_when_hrl_changes test in test/rebar_compile_SUITE.erl

rebar3 shell
...
1> r3:async_do(default, ct, "--suite=test/rebar_compile_SUITE.erl --case=recompile_when_hrl_changes").
ok
Running Common Test suites...
%%% rebar_compile_SUITE:
=== BREAK ===

2> r3:resume().
ok
3> .
All 1 tests passed.